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Universal Declaration of Human Rights P r e a m b l e Whereas recognltion of the inherent dignity and of the equal and inallenable rights of all members of the human family is the foundatlon of freedom, justlce and peace ln the worid, Whereas disregard and contempt for human rights have resulted in barbarous acts which have outraged the conscience of manklnd, and the advent of aworid In which human beings shall enjoy freedom of speech and belief and freedom from fear and want has been proclaimed as the highest aspiratlon of the common people, Whereas It Is essential, if man is not to be com^^lied to have recourse, as alast resort, to rebelllon agalnst tyranny and oppresslon, that human rights should be protected by the rule of law, Whereas it Is essential to promote the development of frlendiy relatlons between nations, Whereas the peoples of the United Nations have in the Charter reaffirmed thelr falth In fundamental human rights, In the dignity and worlh of the human person and in the equal rights of men and women and have determined to promote social progress and better Standards of life In langer freedom, Whereas Member States have pledged themselves to achieve, in cooperatlon with the United Nations, the promotion of universal respect for and observance of human rights and fundamental freedoms, Whereas acommon understanding of these rights and freedoms Is of the greatest Importance for the full reallzatlon of this pledge, Now, therefore, The General Assembly, Proclaims thIs Universal Declaration of Human Rights as acommon Standard of achlevement for all peoples and all nations, to the end that every Individual and every organ of society, keeping this Declaration constantly ln mind, shall strive by �teaching and education to promote respect for these rights and freedoms and by progressive measures, national and international, to secure thelr universal and effective recognitlon and observance, both among the peoples of Member States themselves and among the peoples of territories under thelr Jurisdiction. A r t i c l e l All human beings are born free and equal in dignity and rights. They are endowed with reason and conscience and should act towards one another In a spIrit of brotherhood. Article 2 Everyone is entitled to all the rights and freedoms set forth in this Declaration, without distlnction of any kind, such as race, colour, sex, language, reiigion, polltical or other opinion, national or social origin, property, birth or other Status. Furthermore, no dlstinction shaii be made on the basls of the polltical, jurisdictlonal or international Status of the country or territory to which aperson belongs, whether It be independent, trust, non-self-governing or under any other limitatlon of sovereignty. Article 3 Everyone has the right to llfe, llberty and the security of person. Article 4 No one shall be held ln slavery or servitude; slavery and the slave trade shaii be prohlblted in all thelr forms. Article 5 No one shall be subjected to torture or to cruel, Inhuman or degrading treatment or punishment. �Article 6 Everyone has the right to recognitlon everywhere as aperson before the law. A r t i c l e ? All are equal before the law and are entitied without any discrimination to equal protection of the law. All are entitied to equal protection agalnst any discrimination in vlolatlon of this Declaration and agalnst any Incitement to such discrimination. Article 8 Everyone has the right to an effective remedy by the competent natlonai tribunals fbr acts vloiating the fundamental rights granted him by the constitutlon or by law. Article 9 No one shall be subjected to arbltrary arrest, detention or exile. Article 10 Everyone is entitied in full equallty to afair and public hearing by an Independent and impartial tribunal, in the determination of his rights and obllgatlons and of any criminal Charge agalnst him. Article 11 1. Everyone charged with apenai offence has the right to be presumed innocent until proved gullty according to law in apublic trial at which he has had all the guarantees necessary for hIs defence. 2. No one shall be held gullty of any penai offence on account of any act or omisslon which did not constitute apenai offence, under national or international law, at the time when it was committed. Nor shall aheavler �penalty be imposed than the one that was applicable at the time the penal offence was committed. Article 12 No one shall be subjected to arbitrary interference with his privacy, famlly, home or correspondence, nor to attacks upon hIs honour and reputation. Everyone has the right to the protection of the law agalnst such Interference or attacks. Article 13 1. Everyone has the right to freedom of movement and residence within the borders of each State. 2. Everyone has the right to leave any country, including his own, and to retum to his country. Article 14 1. Everyone has the right to seek and to enjoy in other countries asylum from persecution. 2. This right may not be invoked In the case of prosecutions genulnely arising from non-political crimes or from acts contrary to the purposes and principles of the United Natlons. Article 15 1. Everyone has the right to anationality. 2. No one shall be arbitrarily deprived of his nationality nor denied the right to Change his nationality. Article 16 �1. Men and women of full age, without any limitatlon due to race, nationallly or religlon, have the right to mariy and to found afamlly. They are entitied to equal rights as to marrlage, during marriage and at its dissolution. 2. Marriage shall be entered into only wlth the free and full consent of the intending spouses. 3. The famlly is the natural and fundamental group unIt of society and is entitied to protection by society and the State. Article 17 1. Everyone has the right to own property alone as well as in association wlth others. 2. No one shall be arbitrarily deprived of his property. Article 18 Everyone has the right to freedom of thought, conscience and religion; this right includes freedom to change hls religlon or belief, and freedom, elther alone or In Community wlth others and In public or private, to manifest hls religion or belief In teaching, practice, worship and observance. Article 19 Everyone has the right to freedom of oplnion and expresslon; this right includes freedom to hold oplnions without interference and to seek, receive and impart Information and ideas through any medla and regardiess of frontlers. Article 20 1. Everyone has the right to freedom of peacefui assembiy and association. 2. No one may be compeiied to belong to an association. Article 21 �1. Everyone has the right to take part in the govemment of hls country, directly or through freely chosen representatives. 2. Everyone has the right to equal access to public Service in hls country. 3. The will of the people shall be the basis of the authority of govemment; this will shall be expressed in periodic and genuine elections which shali be by universal and equal suffrage and shali be held by secret vote or by equivalent free voting procedures. Article 22 Everyone, as amember of society, has the right to social security and is entitied to realizatlon, through national effort and International co-operation and in accordance with the organizatlon and resources of each State, of the economic, social and cultural rights indispensable for hls dignity and the free development of hls Personality. Article 23 1. 2 . 3 . 4 . Everyone has the right to work, to free choice of employment, to just and favourable conditions of work and to protection against unemployment. Everyone, without any discriminatlon, has the right to equal pay for equal w o r k . Everyone who works has the right to just and favourable remuneration ensuring for himself and his family an existence worthy of human dignity, and supplemented, if necessary, by other means of social protection. Everyone has the right to form and to join trade unions for the protection of his Interests. Article 24 Everyone has the right to rest and leisure, Including reasonable limitation of working hours and periodic holldays with pay. �Article 25 1. 2 . Everyone has the right to aStandard of living adequate for the health and well-being of himself and of his famlly, Including food, clothing, housing and medical care and necessary social Services, and the right to security in the event of unemployment, sickness, disability, widowhood, old age or other lack of livelihood in circumstances beyond his control. Motherhood and childhood are entitied to special care and assistance. All children, whether born In or out of wedlock, shall enjoy the same social protection. Article 26 1. 2 . 3 . Everyone has the right to educatlon. Education shall be free, at least In the elementary and fundamental stages. Elementary education shall be compulsory. Technical and Professional education shall be made generally avallable and higher education shall be equally accessibie to all on the basls of merit. Education shall be directed to the full development of the human Personality and to the strengthening of respect for human rights and fundamental freedoms. It shall promote understandlng, tolerance and friendship among all nallons, raclal or religlous groups, and shall further the activities of the United Nations for the malntenance of peace. Parents have aprior right to choose the kind of education that shall be given to thelr children. Article 27 1. Everyone has the right freely to parllcipate in the cultural llfe of the Community, to enjoy the arts and to share In scientific advancement and its benefits. �2. Everyone has the right to the protection of the moral and material interests resulting from any scientific, literary or artistic production of which he is the a u t h o r. Article 28 Everyone is entitied to asocial and international Order in which the rights and freedoms set forth in this Declaration can be fully realized. Article 29 1. 2 . 3 . Everyone has duties to the community in which aione the free and füll development of his Personality Is possibte. in the exercise of his rights and freedoms, everyone shali be subject only to such ilmitations as are determined by law soiely for the purpose of securing due recognition and respect for the rights and freedoms of others and of meeting the just requirements of moraiity, public order and the general welfare in ademocratic society. These rights and freedoms may in no case be exercised contrary to the purposes and principies of the United Nations. Article 30 Nothing in thIs Declaration may be Interpreted as implying for any State, group or person any right to engage In any activity or to perform any act aimed at the destruction of any of the rights and freedoms set forth herein. �
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