Notation

In Database theory: [math]\{A,B\}\to \{C,D\}[/math] is abbreviated to: [math]AB\to CD[/math]

Simple hierarchical Example

Notation[edit]

In Database theory: [math]\{A,B\}\to \{C,D\}[/math] is abbreviated to: [math]AB\to CD[/math]

Simple hierarchical Example[edit]

9 single entries for 2022 sorted by social media followers[edit]

SPARQL query[edit]

try it!

result as of 2022-06-13[edit]


A	B	C	D	E	F	G	H	I	J
single	language	collectionId	collection	collectionType	performerId	performer	followerCount	youtubeVideoId	publicationYear
Let Somebody Go	English	http://www.wikidata.org/entity/Q107597380	Music of the Spheres	album	http://www.wikidata.org/entity/Q83287	Selena Gomez	65629044	EptPhiK_q0E	2022
As It Was	English	http://www.wikidata.org/entity/Q111343757	Harry's House	album	http://www.wikidata.org/entity/Q3626966	Harry Styles	36156370	H5v3kku4y6Q	2022
Let Somebody Go	English	http://www.wikidata.org/entity/Q107597380	Music of the Spheres	album	http://www.wikidata.org/entity/Q45188	Coldplay	23541189	EptPhiK_q0E	2022
Bam Bam	English	http://www.wikidata.org/entity/Q56071495	Camila Cabello singles discography	singles discography	http://www.wikidata.org/entity/Q47447	Ed Sheeran	17661915	-8VfKZCOo_I	2022
Bam Bam	English	http://www.wikidata.org/entity/Q111083420	Familia	album	http://www.wikidata.org/entity/Q47447	Ed Sheeran	17661915	-8VfKZCOo_I	2022
Sacrifice	English	http://www.wikidata.org/entity/Q110400486	Dawn FM	album	http://www.wikidata.org/entity/Q2121062	The Weeknd	15549868	VafTMsrnSTU	2022
Out of Time	English	http://www.wikidata.org/entity/Q110400486	Dawn FM	album	http://www.wikidata.org/entity/Q2121062	The Weeknd	15549868	2fDzCWNS3ig	2022
Bam Bam	English	http://www.wikidata.org/entity/Q56071495	Camila Cabello singles discography	singles discography	http://www.wikidata.org/entity/Q18810940	Camila Cabello	12717885	-8VfKZCOo_I	2022
Bam Bam	English	http://www.wikidata.org/entity/Q111083420	Familia	album	http://www.wikidata.org/entity/Q18810940	Camila Cabello	12717885	-8VfKZCOo_I	2022

Functional Dependencies[edit]

The functional dependencies in this example are derived from the structure of the SPARQL query

A≡single
B≡language
C≡collectionId
D≡collection
E≡collectionType
F≡performerId
G≡performer
H≡followerCount
I≡youtubeVideoId
J≡publicationYear

[math]A\to BCFIJ[/math]
[math]C\to DE[/math]
[math]F\to GH[/math]

[math]R={{\{A,B,C,D,E,F,G,H,I,J\}},{A\to BCFIJ,C\to DE,F\to GH}}[/math]

functional dependencies diagram[edit]

The following diagram shows the functional dependencies of this example. The nodes represent the attributes and the edges the dependencies.

Attribute Closures[edit]

The attribute closure is the set of all attributes that are "reachable/determinable" from a given attribute node. In this example the results are quite obvious since the functional dependencies form a tree and the reachable nodes are all nodes of the subtree of a given attribute.


attribute	closure
A	ABCDEFGHIJ
B	B
C	CDE
D	D
E	E
F	FGH
G	G
H	H
I	I
J	J

Keys for the example[edit]

There is only a single candidate key: A≡single

It is the only attribute that has the full set of attributes as it's closure. A≡single is also a super key and primary key

With a slightly modified query we'll see that wikidata uses a surrogate key as the primary key for all items. Querying Wikidata's graph data more often than not leads to results that need to be normalized to be useful in the context of relational databases.

Extending the above query with a column for the wikidata Id of the single shows how the surrogate key is related to the single entries.

9 single entries for 2022 sorted by social media followers with wikidata Id link[edit]

query[edit]

try it!

result[edit]


singleId	single	language	collectionId	collection	collectionType	performerId	performer	followerCount	youtubeVideoId	publicationYear
http://www.wikidata.org/entity/Q108914561	Let Somebody Go	English	http://www.wikidata.org/entity/Q107597380	Music of the Spheres	album	http://www.wikidata.org/entity/Q83287	Selena Gomez	65629044	EptPhiK_q0E	2022
http://www.wikidata.org/entity/Q112316936	Skin of My Teeth	English	http://www.wikidata.org/entity/Q112270102	Holy Fvck	album	http://www.wikidata.org/entity/Q41173	Demi Lovato	54350780	HgrC_h8-2FM	2022
http://www.wikidata.org/entity/Q112317311	Yet to Come (The Most Beautiful Moment)	English	http://www.wikidata.org/entity/Q111849557	Proof	album	http://www.wikidata.org/entity/Q13580495	BTS	45300000	kXpOEzNZ8hQ	2022
http://www.wikidata.org/entity/Q112317311	Yet to Come (The Most Beautiful Moment)	Korean	http://www.wikidata.org/entity/Q111849557	Proof	album	http://www.wikidata.org/entity/Q13580495	BTS	45300000	kXpOEzNZ8hQ	2022
http://www.wikidata.org/entity/Q111397510	As It Was	English	http://www.wikidata.org/entity/Q111343757	Harry's House	album	http://www.wikidata.org/entity/Q3626966	Harry Styles	36156370	H5v3kku4y6Q	2022
http://www.wikidata.org/entity/Q112075432	Late Night Talking	English	http://www.wikidata.org/entity/Q111343757	Harry's House	album	http://www.wikidata.org/entity/Q3626966	Harry Styles	36156370	RwT77rlp2CE	2022
http://www.wikidata.org/entity/Q112317311	Yet to Come (The Most Beautiful Moment)	English	http://www.wikidata.org/entity/Q111849557	Proof	album	http://www.wikidata.org/entity/Q13580495	BTS	27300000	kXpOEzNZ8hQ	2022
http://www.wikidata.org/entity/Q112317311	Yet to Come (The Most Beautiful Moment)	Korean	http://www.wikidata.org/entity/Q111849557	Proof	album	http://www.wikidata.org/entity/Q13580495	BTS	27300000	kXpOEzNZ8hQ	2022
http://www.wikidata.org/entity/Q108914561	Let Somebody Go	English	http://www.wikidata.org/entity/Q107597380	Music of the Spheres	album	http://www.wikidata.org/entity/Q45188	Coldplay	23541189	EptPhiK_q0E	2022

Normal forms[edit]

1st Normal Form - 1NF[edit]

A relation is in first normal form if and only if no attribute domain has relations as elements Wikipedia Article on First normal form

attribute domain means the type of attribute (think of attribute a cell of a table in spreadsheet and the domain as the type you selected for the cells of a column)
the type not having releations is sometime also describe as "atomic" meaning having a base type such a string, float, integer and not tuples
an example for a cell having a relations a elements would be having LAT and LON of a geocoordinate in the same cell
if you have lists of values or even full tables in a cell than the relation is surely not in 1st normal Form 1NF
if a single cell in a column violates 1NF the whole columns type is violating 1NF which makes the whole table violate 1NF
in modern systems where you want to be lenient with user input its often hard to enforce 1NF - database designers might try to "cutting corners" around this by treating the type

as string event if it contains relations data such as a full list of comma separated elements, a json or xml encoded or even uuencoded binary string.

The example above is in first normal form the types of the columns are:

string: A≡single, B≡language, D≡collection, E≡collectionType, G≡performer, I≡youtubeVideoId
integer: H≡followerCount, J≡publicationYear
url: C≡collectionId, F≡performerId

2nd Normal Form[edit]

3rd Normal Form[edit]

Boyce Codd Normal Form[edit]

1st Normal Form - 1NF[edit]

A relation is in first normal form if and only if no attribute domain has relations as elements Wikipedia Article on First normal form

attribute domain means the type of attribute (think of attribute a cell of a table in spreadsheet and the domain as the type you selected for the cells of a column)
the type not having releations is sometime also describe as "atomic" meaning having a base type such a string, float, integer and not tuples
an example for a cell having a relations a elements would be having LAT and LON of a geocoordinate in the same cell
if you have lists of values or even full tables in a cell than the relation is surely not in 1st normal Form 1NF
if a single cell in a column violates 1NF the whole columns type is violating 1NF which makes the whole table violate 1NF
in modern systems where you want to be lenient with user input its often hard to enforce 1NF - database designers might try to "cutting corners" around this by treating the type

as string event if it contains relations data such as a full list of comma separated elements, a json or xml encoded or even uuencoded binary string.

The example above is in first normal form the types of the columns are:

string: A≡single, B≡language, D≡collection, E≡collectionType, G≡performer, I≡youtubeVideoId
integer: H≡followerCount, J≡publicationYear
url: C≡collectionId, F≡performerId

2nd Normal Form[edit]

3rd Normal Form[edit]

Boyce Codd Normal Form[edit]

Wikipedia[edit]

The following graph shows some relevant wikipedia articles. If the nodes are not clickable in your browser you might want to open the svg image in a separate tab to get a clickable version of this graph.

The file "mwstore://local-backend/local-public/diagrams/archive/20250501221132!Diagrams_6e4ee25b47646768f87d69b27db56a37.svg" already exists.

Functional Dependencies

Contents

Notation

Simple hierarchical Example

Notation[edit]

Contents

Simple hierarchical Example[edit]

9 single entries for 2022 sorted by social media followers[edit]

9 single entries for 2022 sorted by social media followers[edit]

SPARQL query[edit]

result as of 2022-06-13[edit]

Functional Dependencies[edit]

functional dependencies diagram[edit]

Attribute Closures[edit]

Contents

Keys for the example[edit]

9 single entries for 2022 sorted by social media followers with wikidata Id link[edit]

query[edit]

result[edit]

Contents

Normal forms[edit]

1st Normal Form - 1NF[edit]

2nd Normal Form[edit]

3rd Normal Form[edit]

Boyce Codd Normal Form[edit]

1st Normal Form - 1NF[edit]

2nd Normal Form[edit]

3rd Normal Form[edit]

Boyce Codd Normal Form[edit]

Synthesis[edit]

Links[edit]

Wikipedia[edit]

Other[edit]

Wikipedia[edit]

Other[edit]